The Human Edge Beyond Pentesting – Building True Cyber Resilience
The Human Edge Beyond Pentesting – Building True Cyber Resilience Pentest vs. Red Team: Understanding the Core Difference Many cybersecurity vendors are rebadging pentesting as attack simulations or red teaming, often at a higher cost. However, there's a clear difference: Pentesting (Penetration Testing): The overarching goal of penetration testing is to find vulnerabilities within an environment in order to create a remediation plan. Reporting focuses on documenting as many vulnerabilities as possible in the allotted timeframe. Red Teaming (Attack Simulation): In contrast, red teaming is used to validate the efficacy of the defensive (blue) team. It is not looking for vulnerabilities per se, it is about achieving the objectives while trying to avoid detection. Reporting focuses on finding defensive gaps and assessing the blue team's response capabilities. The ultimate goal is to simulate real-world adversaries and determine if the defensive team has the telemetry to detect them. The key takeaway is that if the engagement isn't assessing your detection capabilities, it is not a red team. When Does Red Teaming Truly Add Value? While valuable, red teaming isn't always the most cost-effective solution, and really it is usually only effective in these three scenarios: When You Have a Regulatory Requirement: Industries with specific regulations, such as BEST, TIBER, FEER, CORIE, and AASE, often mandate regulatory red teams, which have standardized approaches and qualifications. When You Have a Very Mature Organization: Your organization has addressed all other possible security issues and has limited justification for further spending, a Red Team can provide a level of assurance that few other testing strategies can match. However, if you have known, unaddressed issues, red teaming rapidly loses value as the simulated attackers will typically take the easiest route to compromise and report on issues you are already aware of. When You Need a "Burning Platform": Sometimes, demonstrating the potential severity of a worst-case scenario is necessary to secure critical budget increases. Red teaming can effectively highlight how badly wrong things could go, aiding CISOs in getting the needed resources. However, it's important to note that more cost-effective methods often offer a better return on investment than red teaming outside these specific use cases. Purple teaming offers a more holistic approach to measuring your blue team's capability while also having a much higher knowledge transfer rate. Attack path mapping is far more comprehensive in discovering what attackers can do and what vulnerabilities or misconfigurations can be chained together to achieve compromise. The Pitfalls of Misaligned Red Teaming Several factors can hinder the benefits of red teaming outside the identified use cases: Resource Intensive: Red teaming is both costly and time-consuming. Potentially Divisive: It can sometimes lead to conflict between teams or erode trust within an organization. Weak Follow-Up: Lessons learned from red team exercises are often not translated into actionable steps, or worse completely ignored. Limited Scope: It may fail to explore cascading impacts and real-world disruptions. Insufficient Business Focus: Without an understanding of broader business consequences, the exercise's value can be limited. Increased Risk: Poorly executed red teaming can introduce wasted effort or unnecessary investigations. Often Undetected: A significant number of red team operations do not trigger alerts or go unnoticed by defensive teams. This last point highlights the importance of understanding why an attack wasn't detected, by asking: Was an alert generated? Was it marked as a false positive? Was a process followed? Was the process correct? Enhancing Cyber Resilience: A Holistic Approach Cyber resilience is not just about products or individual tools; it's about the application of skilled and motivated people, understanding and utilizing technology, and implementing reliable and repeatable processes and detections. The focus should be on building a robust, layered defense that understands, anticipates, and mitigates all phases of the attack chain, recognizing that the perimeter is no longer the sole objective for attackers. To truly improve cyber resilience, organizations need to focus on three key areas: Security Posture: Continuously assess and strengthen your foundational security. Detection Capability: Improve your ability to identify and triage malicious activity. Response Capability: Enhance your team's efficiency and effectiveness in reacting to and recovering from incidents. This involves exposing defenders to real-world Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) relevant to their environment. Furthermore, understanding the capabilities and blind spots of both your security team and defensive tooling is crucial for applying and testing effective mitigations and proving resiliency. Practical Approaches to Building Resilience To achieve true benefit from simulations, organizations must prepare individuals and teams before and after the simulation. This involves a cycle of "Prepare & Protect" and "Detect & Respond". Effective training and exercises are vital for different audiences: Individual Preparation: Hands-on labs can provide technical training for various roles, including defensive cybersecurity professionals, penetration testers, developers, application security experts, and cloud & infrastructure security personnel. Technical Team Exercises (Team Sim): These focus on the technical aspects of cyber attack and response using pre-configured cyber range scenarios. Participants investigate or perform simulated attacks using real cybersecurity tools and techniques in a safe environment/sandbox. Executive & Business Exercises (Crisis Sim): Moving beyond traditional tabletop exercises, Crisis Sim puts teams into dynamic crisis simulations with real crises, dynamic storylines, and contextual media. This helps measure and benchmark responses to inform crisis strategies and build muscle memory through regular exercising. By understanding the distinct roles of pentesting and red teaming, strategically applying attack simulations, and investing in comprehensive training across all levels of the organization, businesses can genuinely enhance their cyber resilience and gain the human edge over cyber attacks.Level Up Your Resilience: Analyzing Results and Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement
Welcome back for the final instalment of our series on Cyber Drills! In Parts 1 and 2: Level Up Your Resilience: Unlocking the Power of Cyber Drills with Immersive Level Up Your Resilience: Planning and Executing Effective Cyber Drills with Immersive we explored the fundamental importance of Cyber Drills and the critical steps involved in planning and executing them, all while highlighting the comprehensive guidance offered by The Definitive Guide to Cyber Drilling. Now, we arrive at the crucial stage that transforms a drill from a one-time event into a driver of lasting improvement: analyzing the results and fostering a culture of continuous learning. As Chapter Two: Post-Exercise Analysis of The Definitive Guide outlined, the insights gained from a Cyber Drill are only truly valuable if translated into actionable next steps. This chapter, along with the principles woven throughout the entire guide, provides the framework for turning your drill experiences into tangible enhancements in your cyber resilience. Post-Drill Analysis: Uncovering Key Insights: Once the Cyber Drill is complete, the real work begins. The Definitive Guide emphasizes the need for a thorough analysis of the drill results, focusing on assessing performance against the outlined objectives. This involves: Leveraging Platform Data: Using a platform like Immersive’s, analyze the data generated during the drill to identify areas of strength and weakness in technical execution. Gathering Participant Feedback: The Guide recommends capturing feedback from all participants to understand their experiences, challenges, and suggestions for improvement. Facilitator Debriefs: Conduct debrief sessions with the facilitation team to gather their observations and lessons learned regarding the scenario flow, participant engagement, and any unexpected issues. Identifying Key Findings: Based on the data and feedback, pinpoint the most significant areas for improvement in processes, communication, technical skills, and incident response plans. Reporting and Governance: Communicating Value and Driving Action: The Guide highlights the importance of easy-to-follow reporting requirements and establishing governance processes to ensure that the insights from Cyber Drills lead to tangible changes. This includes: Tailored Reporting: Develop reports that are relevant to different stakeholders, from technical teams to executive leadership, clearly outlining the findings and their implications. Actionable Recommendations: Ensure that reports include specific and measurable recommendations for improvement. Integration with Existing Processes: Feed the findings and action items into your existing security processes, such as incident response plan updates, training programs, and technology deployments. Executive Communication: Clearly communicate the value and ROI of your Cyber Drilling program to leadership, demonstrating how it contributes to overall cyber resilience. Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement: A successful Cyber Drilling program is not a one-off exercise; it's an ongoing commitment to learning and adaptation. The Definitive Guide emphasizes the importance of fostering a culture where: Learning is Valued: Encourage participants to view drills as learning opportunities rather than pass/fail tests. Feedback is Encouraged: Create a safe space for open and honest feedback. Iteration is Key: Use the insights from each drill to refine your scenarios, processes, and training programs for future exercises. Micro-Drills for Continuous Training: As mentioned, consider incorporating "micro-drills" for more frequent, bite-sized opportunities for learning and measurement. Why Immersive for Cyber Drilling: Immersive provides a powerful platform to support your entire Cyber Drilling journey. Our integrated solutions, combining Cyber Range Exercises, Crisis Sim, and Labs, enable you to: Create realistic and customizable scenarios. Engage both technical and leadership teams. Generate measurable results and insightful data. Track progress and demonstrate tangible improvements. By embracing the principles outlined in The Definitive Guide to Cyber Drilling and leveraging the capabilities of Immersive, you can move beyond simply assuming readiness to demonstrably proving and continuously improving your organization's cyber resilience. This concludes our series on Cyber Drills. We invite you to join us on a journey toward a more resilient future. You can download the full Definitive Guide to Cyber Drilling here.Level Up Your Resilience: Planning and Executing Effective Cyber Drills with Immersive
Welcome back, Immersive Community! In Part 1 of this blog series, we laid the groundwork for understanding the critical role of Cyber Drills in building true organizational cyber resilience, highlighting the comprehensive insights found in The Definitive Guide to Cyber Drilling. Now, we move from theory to practice. How do you actually plan and execute impactful Cyber Drills within your organization? This instalment will guide you through the essential steps, drawing directly from the information shared in our definitive guide. As Chapter Two: Program Planning and Preparation emphasizes, a successful Cyber Drill doesn't just happen – it's the result of careful thought and strategic execution. Let's break down the key phases: Defining Your Objectives: Before you even think about scenarios, you need to know what you want to achieve. What specific aspects of your cyber resilience are you looking to test and improve? The Definitive Guide outlines the importance of aligning your drill objectives with broader business goals and conducting a maturity assessment to tailor your program effectively. Ask yourselves: Are we primarily aiming to test our incident response plan? Do we want to evaluate cross-functional communication during a crisis? Are we looking to identify technical skill gaps in specific teams? Is regulatory compliance a key driver for our drilling program? Clearly defined objectives should serve as your “North Star” throughout the entire process. Scenario Development: Crafting Realistic Challenges: With your objectives in place, the next crucial step is designing scenarios to effectively challenge your teams. The Guide's section on Scenario Development provides guidance on creating "severe but plausible scenarios" that resonate with your industry and potential threats. Remember to: Ground Scenarios in Reality: Draw inspiration from real-world incidents and threat intelligence (The Guide highlights the importance of CTI). Consider Operational Disruptions: As noted in The Definitive Guide, real-world cyberattacks often coincide with other disruptions. Incorporate Multi-Skill Requirements: Design scenarios that require participants to utilize technical skills AND communication and decision-making. Introduce Pressure: Effective drills create a safe but high-intensity environment. The Cyber Drill Timeline: Strategic Execution: The Definitive Guide provides a clear roadmap for the Cyber Drill timeline, emphasizing the iterative nature of the process and the crucial role of stakeholder involvement. Key stages include: Discovery: Clearly defining objectives, scope, and requirements. Design: Developing the scenario and practical logistics. Build: Creating the exercise materials, lab paths, and communication aids. Enable: Ensuring participants and facilitators are prepared. Deliver: Executing the drill according to the plan. Participant Engagement: Fostering Collaboration: The Definitive Guide stresses the importance of clear instructions, open communication, and encouraging feedback to maximize participant engagement. Remember to: Provide pre-drill information and relevant training materials. Facilitate open communication channels during the exercise. Encourage participants to think critically and collaborate effectively. By following these planning and execution principles, you can create powerful and insightful exercises that truly test and strengthen your organization's cyber resilience. In Part 3, we'll delve into the critical final stage: analyzing the results of your Cyber Drills and building a culture of continuous improvement, all by using the comprehensive framework from The Definitive Guide. Stay tuned!Level Up Your Resilience: Unlocking the Power of Cyber Drills with Immersive
Hello Immersive Community! You're already familiar with our hands-on learning and real-world scenarios to level up your cyber skills. You've seen how our labs and exercises can boost individual capabilities and build stronger teams. But are you ready to dive deep into ways to develop your organization's resilience? Today, we're diving into a crucial aspect of building true cyber readiness: Cyber Drilling. You might have heard the term before, but to really understand its comprehensive power and how it can improve your security posture, we're excited to highlight The Definitive Guide to Cyber Drilling. This is your essential resource, explaining everything from fundamental concepts to advanced implementation strategies for realistic cyber attack simulations that exercise both your technical and business leadership teams. In this series, we'll explore what a comprehensive Cyber Drilling program entails and, more importantly, how you, as part of the Immersive community, can leverage it to strengthen your organization's defenses – all laid out within the guide. As Phil Venables, CISO of Google Cloud, wisely stated, "The best training of all is a drill, exercise, or even a live-fire event. Having drills and exercises that get as close to reality as possible and test your people as well as your systems is ideal." 1 This isn't just about individual skill anymore; it's about how your entire organization performs when faced with a real-world cyber crisis – a concept thoroughly explored in the guide. Beyond Individual Labs: The Organizational View You've mastered individual labs, honed your threat hunting skills in Cyber Ranges, and perhaps even navigated crisis scenarios using simulations. These are vital building blocks. Cyber Drilling, as detailed in The Definitive Guide, applies that foundation to a broader organizational context, simulating real attacks to test technical prowess, communication, decision-making under pressure, and the effectiveness of your incident response plans across different teams. Think of Cyber Drilling as the ultimate "stress test" for your cyber defenses. It moves beyond theoretical knowledge and puts your collective capabilities to the test in a safe environment, revealing strengths and identifying areas for improvement you might not uncover through individual training alone – a comprehensive overview of which is provided in the guide. Why Should the Immersive Community Embrace Cyber Drills? As valued community members, you already understand the power of immersive learning. Cyber Drills are the natural evolution of that approach, offering significant benefits for your organization: Prove Your Readiness: Cyber Drills allow you to demonstrate the impact of your Immersive investment by showcasing your team's response capabilities. Identify Organizational Weaknesses: The methodologies explain how drills expose broader organizational gaps. Optimize Your Incident Response: Practical guidance helps you test and refine your plans. Enhance Team Cohesion: The principles highlight how drills improve collaboration. Demonstrate Value to Stakeholders: Use the frameworks to provide tangible evidence of preparedness. What Makes a Cyber Drill Effective? Just like our individual labs are designed for maximum learning impact, effective Cyber Drills share key characteristics: Leveraging Multiple Skills Creating Realistic Pressure Emphasizing Clear Communication Providing a Comprehensive View Mirroring Real-World Threats Tailored to Your Needs Driving Continuous Improvement What's Next? This is just the first step in understanding the power of Cyber Drilling. In the upcoming parts of this series, we'll delve into the practicalities of implementing these powerful exercises within your organization, building upon the foundation you've already established with Immersive – all based on the comprehensive insights within The Definitive Guide: Part 2: Planning and Executing Effective Cyber Drills: We'll explore how to define your objectives and develop scenarios. Part 3: Analyzing Results and Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement: We'll discuss how to interpret drill data and drive improvements. Unlock the full potential of your preparedness and enhance your organization's cyber resilience through the strategic practice of Cyber Drilling, which begins with The Definitive Guide to Cyber Drilling.The Softer Side: Non-technical Benefits to Technical Team Exercises
In my role, I have the privilege of working with many different organizations through their technical exercise events and programs. One of the most rewarding aspects is seeing the spark ignite in the people as they band together to achieve a common objective. In this article, I’ll be sharing some of the common benefits I see emerge across organizations of all sizes, industries, and maturity levels, no matter the exercise's purpose. Encouraging curiosity and problem-solving Cyber Range Exercises provide a virtual network environment to explore. Defensive exercises focus on detecting and monitoring malicious activity, while offensive exercises involve exploiting vulnerabilities to uncover target information. Within these simulated environments, participants must utilize a wide array of skills and decide on the best approach, as the correct course of action isn't always obvious. This technical challenge is great for reinforcing knowledge and applying skills. I've seen players puzzle over unsuccessful methods, forcing them to rethink their approach entirely, asking plenty of “what if” questions before testing them out. This experimentation process educates players while simultaneously promoting lateral thinking and encourages sharing problem-solving insights. Improved communication Trawling through logs and analyzing (or preparing) a malicious payload usually calls for quiet focus. But in the real world, we’re rarely working alone. More often than not, investigations and tests happen in small teams, under pressure, and good communication becomes just as important as technical skill. That’s why team-based exercises reflect this reality. You’ve got to explain what you’re doing clearly, so everyone’s on the same page – both in terms of the situation and the technical jargon. Creating clear written logs and documentation matters too, especially in incidents where language may need to be adapted for different audiences. The most effective teams I've observed in these exercises prioritize organization. They set up a central place to track everything – whether that’s a Teams channel, a spreadsheet, or a crisis response tool – and they’re smart about assigning roles and carving out time to keep everyone synced up. Better distraction management A deliberate challenge I sometimes incorporate into technical exercises is surprise leadership requests for incident updates. This tests the team's ability to rapidly consolidate information under pressure, dealing with the uncertainties of an active investigation. Teams with strong organization, detailed incident logs, and a dedicated spokesperson or team leader consistently manage these interruptions best. Practicing in a simulated setting helps teams stay productive and accurate, even when real-world distractions come into play. It builds the ability to block out noise, manage stakeholders, stay focused on individual tasks while keeping sight of team goals, and smoothly switch contexts when needed. Stronger team dynamics Unlike individual training, these exercises require participants to actively communicate, share knowledge, and rely on each other's strengths to achieve a common goal. Team members learn to understand each other's working styles, identify individual expertise, and build trust in their colleagues' abilities. The shared experience of overcoming technical challenges, even simulated ones, creates a sense of camaraderie and shared accomplishment. While every team comprises diverse personalities and communication styles, it's crucial that each individual feels comfortable and empowered to share their insights and findings. These contributions can significantly alter the outcome; for instance, a critical discovery during a technical investigation might directly influence the business's crisis response strategy. Increased efficiency The more a team works together responding to the exercise challenges, the more they develop shared understandings of processes and expectations, learn to delegate effectively, and identify bottlenecks in their collaborative efforts. Eliminating issues arising from a lack of confidence or familiarity with the team or processes is especially critical for incident response teams, leading to quicker response times and improved agility when situations change rapidly. After each exercise, I like to conduct a team debrief, which is crucial for reflecting on lessons learned. Prompting players to consider their individual strengths and challenges, alongside open discussion about team dynamics and processes, helps identify opportunities for improvement. Technical exercises are undoubtedly key to boosting individual technical proficiency. However, their even greater value lies in cultivating these skills alongside the crucial professional attributes demanded by our field. Considering the significant pressure and expectations placed on these teams to deliver trustworthy outcomes, ensuring their preparedness within a high-trust setting is essential. These are merely some of the advantages I've witnessed through these exercises. Share your thoughts What benefits have you experienced through technical exercising? Share your thoughts in the comments!Global Cyber Drills: Dates, Locations, and VIP Experiences
Our Cyber Drills Roadshow is kicking off in North America! I’m thrilled to share that in just one week, we will launch the North American leg of our 2025 Cyber Drill roadshow. In addition to constantly evolving our onsite programs (you’ll never experience the same Cyber Drill twice), our team has elevated our venues and agendas for 2025. You now have the opportunity to enhance your Cyber Drill experience and stay after the drill for a custom VIP experience. Learn more about our VIP experiences and register now below! Cyber Drill Dallas 🏈 Date: April 2 Time: 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Location: AT&T Stadium - home of the Dallas Cowboys Register now and opt to join us for a VIP stadium tour! Cyber Drill Los Angeles 🥇 Date: April 16 Time: 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Location: LA Memorial Coliseum Register now and opt to join us for a private tour of the LA Memorial Coliseum! Cyber Drill Chicago 🏙️ Date: May 14 Time: 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM Location: Morgan’s on Fulton Register now and opt to join us for a celebratory drinks reception with 360 views of the Chicago skyline. Community Exclusive As an exclusive announcement for our community, we’re thrilled to share that we have three additional Cyber Drills coming soon and you’re the first to know! Follow our events page to get notifications hot off the press as soon as our Cyber Drill events are added. Coming Soon ⛰️ Bern, Switzerland 💂 London, UK 🍎 New York City, USA Share Your Thoughts I hope to see you there! If you’re already registered, let me know what city you’ll be joining us in by replying in the comments, and if you're not already registered to attend, is there a city or location that you’d like to see a Cyber Drill next? Let me know in the comments! ⬇️When the Lights Went Out at Heathrow: A Crisis That Was Never Meant to Be “Won”
In the early hours of March 21, 2025, a fire broke out at the North Hyde electrical substation in West London, just a few miles from Heathrow Airport. Within hours, a local infrastructure incident had triggered widespread disruption across the global aviation ecosystem. Flights were grounded, operations were halted, passengers were stranded, and local residents were left without power. Suddenly, one of the most connected airports in the world found itself completely disconnected. This wasn’t just a power failure, it was a systems failure. The fire itself was severe yet containable, but what unfolded afterward exposed far deeper vulnerabilities. It has since been claimed that Heathrow had “enough power” from other substations, which now raises difficult but fair questions: If there was enough power, why shut the airport down completely? If there wasn’t, why wasn’t the site resilient enough to handle a failure like this? And most importantly, how did one single point of failure have this much impact on such a critical national and international asset? These are the questions that will dominate the post-crisis scrutiny, but while many rush to applaud or condemn, I think the truth lies somewhere more uncomfortable. Crisis leadership isn’t about perfect outcomes Crisis response is never clean. It’s messy, fast-moving and incomplete. You make decisions with partial data, under pressure, in real time. And in the majority of cases, you choose between bad and worse – which is exactly what Heathrow’s leadership team faced: Compromised infrastructure Uncertainty about the integrity of power and systems Thousands of passengers on site and mid-flight en route to the airport Global operations and supply chain at risk The common response is, “we need to tackle all of these problems” – and rightly so – but what people often forget is that in a crisis, you don’t have the resources, time, or information to tackle everything at once. Heathrow's leadership chose safety and containment, and in just under 24 hours, they were back online again. That’s impressive. That’s recovery under pressure, and that’s business continuity in action. But it doesn’t mean everything was done right, and it certainly doesn’t mean we shouldn’t ask hard questions. “Enough power” means nothing without operational continuity Having backup power doesn’t mean having functional operations. Power alone doesn’t run an airport – systems, processes, and people do. If the backup didn’t maintain critical systems like baggage handling, communications, lighting, or security, then the airport was right to shut down. However, the next question is, why didn’t those systems have their own layers of protection, and where was the true resilience? This leads us to the real issue: this wasn’t just about Heathrow, it was about the entire ecosystem. Resilience isn’t just a plan – it’s a whole system of dependencies The recent disruption is a real reminder that resilience doesn’t just live inside an organization. It lives across every partner, vendor, and hidden dependency. In critical services like aviation, the biggest vulnerabilities are often outside the walls of your own operation. There’s a web of partners involved in keeping an airport running: Power providers Facilities management IT and communications vendors Outsourced security Maintenance crews Air traffic systems Second and third-tier subcontractors Many of these providers sit outside the organization’s direct control, yet their failures become your crisis in an instant. True resilience requires more than internal readiness, it demands visibility across the whole supply and vendor chain, coordination protocols with external stakeholders, and clear ownership of critical functions. When something breaks in the background, you won’t have time to figure out who’s responsible; you’ll only care about who can fix it. So identifying and (most importantly) testing and exercising your supply chain is paramount. This wasn’t a “winnable” crisis – and that’s the point I’ll discuss this concept further in my upcoming webinar, The Unwinnable Crisis: How to Create Exercises That Prepare Teams for Real-World Uncertainty, but the Heathrow disruption is a perfect case study. This was never going to be a clean “win.” No plan could have delivered a flawless response, and no leader could have avoided disruption entirely. Instead, this crisis asked a different question: When everything seems to be falling apart, can you contain the damage, protect your people, and recover quickly? That’s the real test. It’s what separates the theoretical resilience plans from the operational reality. Heathrow passed parts of that test, but the system around it has questions to answer, and every other organization watching should be asking the same thing: “How many hidden dependencies are we one substation, one outage, one contractor failure away from exposing?” The next crisis may not give you a warning, and it certainly won’t give you time to figure out who’s holding it all together. Crisis leadership isn’t about perfection; it’s about being ready for the moment when no perfect option exists. The question now is, what did it reveal that we can’t afford to ignore? Ready to prepare for true crisis readiness? Join me for the upcoming community webinar, The Unwinnable Crisis: How to Create Exercises That Prepare Teams for Real-World Uncertainty on April 11. We’ll explore what true crisis readiness looks like and how you prepare your team to lead when there is no “win” – only choices.Cyber Drills and Outcome-Based Programs: A Hands-On Approach to Cyber Resilience
What are cyber drills and outcome-based programs? Cyber drills vs. outcome-based programs Cyber drills Prove Outcome-based programs Improve Simulate a realistic cyberattack to test response capabilities Ongoing, structured programs to build and improve security operations Benchmark security preparedness at a given point in time Measure progress over time with defined success metrics Team-based exercises that focus on immediate response Tailored multi-year programs that address specific security gaps One-off or periodic events Continuous learning and improvement The key difference is that cyber drills test and prove preparedness and expose improvement areas; outcome-based programs address the improvement areas and enhance an organization’s ability to detect, respond, and recover from cyber threats. Combined, these approaches provide sustainable, robust cyber resilience. Designing an effective outcome-based program To implement an outcome-based program successfully, organizations must consider the following factors: 1. Understanding business objectives and risk tolerance Before designing a program, it’s crucial to understand: Business goals – what is the organization trying to achieve? Risk appetite – how much risk is the company willing to take? Regulatory requirements – what compliance standards must be met? 2. Defining measurable outcomes Success should be based on quantifiable improvements, such as: Reduced incident response time Fewer security breaches Improved threat detection capabilities More substantial alignment with regulatory requirements 3. Tailoring the program to the organization Organizations are unique, and outcome-based programs must be customized to fit: Risk assessment results Threat landscape Technology stack and processes Security team capabilities 4. Implementing and monitoring progress A phased approach ensures better adoption: Pilot phase – test the program with a small team before full deployment Phased rollout – implement step-by-step to ensure success Continuous reporting – regularly track metrics and adjust the program as needed 5. Demonstrating ROI and business value To gain leadership buy-in, organizations must: Showcase case studies of successful implementations Use data-driven insights to highlight improvements Demonstrate long-term value beyond compliance Example: A multi-year cybersecurity resilience program A well-structured outcome-based program can span multiple years, evolving as threats change. Year 1 – Conduct cyber drills, crisis and incident response exercises and assessments, and document response plans. Develop improvement plans and program scope. Year 2 – Technical and executive training, incident handling exercises. Year 3 – Advanced cybersecurity drills, scenario-based threat modeling, multi-team exercising. Process and policy stress testing. Year 4 – Purple teaming, improving collaboration between defense and offense teams. Year 5 – Full-scale red teaming and supply chain cyber drills. This approach ensures that organizations continuously prove and improve rather than just react to incidents. Final thoughts: The future of cybersecurity training Moving from traditional cybersecurity upskilling to cyber drills and outcome-based programs requires: A shift in mindset – focus on long-term resilience, not just one-time testing. Cross-department collaboration – security is not just IT’s responsibility; leadership buy-in is crucial. Expertise in design and delivery – outcome-based programs must be well-structured and measurable. By embracing cyber drills and outcome-based cybersecurity training programs, organizations can stay ahead of threats and build a stronger, lasting security culture. Share your thoughts Is your organization ready to move beyond traditional cyber upskilling? Where do you feel the biggest challenge lies, out of the three points mentioned above? Have you had success in overcoming these challenges? If so, share how with the community. Let’s build a cybersecurity strategy that delivers accurate, measurable results.Why Drills Are the Future of Cybersecurity: Insights and Reflections on the Critical Role of Drills
My background After two decades in the world of penetration testing and offensive security, I joined Immersive as the Director of Technical Product Management. This new role represented more than just a career shift – it was an opportunity to leverage my deep-rooted experience of cybersecurity to make a tangible difference in how organisations prepare for the cyber threats of today and tomorrow. Throughout my career, I’ve had the joy of working on the front lines of cybersecurity, testing the defenses of organisations of all sizes, from startups to multinational corporations. I worked my way up from a junior consultant in a boutique company to the global head of attack simulation for one of the largest pure-play security consultancy firms in the world. I’ve seen firsthand how attackers operate, exploiting weaknesses not just in technology but in processes and human behavior. I’ve also seen the other side of the coin – what happens behind the scenes when a company identifies a breach and needs to investigate, contain, and recover from it. This journey has given me a unique perspective on the intricacies of cyber incidents – how they unfold, how they escalate, and how they can be mitigated if handled correctly. Over the years, I’ve come to understand that offensive security isn’t just about finding vulnerabilities; it’s about understanding the broader context of how security failures can impact an entire organisation and, most importantly, how to get back to business as usual. One of the key lessons I’ve learned from my time in offensive security is that real-world cyber incidents are rarely straightforward. They’re messy, unpredictable, and often involve a complex web of factors that go beyond the technical realm. In my experience, cyber incidents don’t happen in isolation; they’re the result of a combination of technical vulnerabilities, process failures, and human errors. Attackers don’t follow a script – they’re constantly adapting, finding creative ways to bypass defenses, exploit blind spots, and leverage misconfigurations or overlooked details. This nuanced understanding of how incidents unfold is often missing from the current training and exercising landscape. Realism vs textbook Many cyber resilience exercises available in the market today lack the depth and realism of a real-world attack, and that’s very difficult to capture, especially if you’ve never been exposed to it. Many exercises are built around predictable scenarios, focusing on textbook responses, and just don't capture those swings from tedium to confusion and then to panic. They’re also often performed in isolation, with the investigating/technical team making decisions and performing actions that wouldn’t be in their remit if it was a real incident. One of my all-time favourite incidents showed these to the extreme. It went from a simple ransomware investigation to identifying seven different threat actors in the environment, all with very different TTPs and MOs. You never pick up the other threat actors at the beginning of their attack, usually because they’ve compromised the same machines as the original actor, and you're left wondering why they’ve suddenly changed tactics. Then you get enough evidence to indicate it’s someone else, so now you have two investigations to perform. I’m not saying that all exercising should be done to that level, but I do feel that there’s a nice middle ground that can be achieved. Simulations can highlight things above and beyond simply probing a SIEM for answers to questions about the attack. Putting that into practice At Immersive, I have the privilege of bringing the lessons learned from years of offensive security into the realm of cyber resilience training. My goal over the last 12 months has been to help create more realistic, dynamic, and comprehensive simulations that mirror the true nature of cyber incidents. This means developing scenarios that go beyond the basics – not just testing the technical teams but also involving executives, legal teams, PR, and other stakeholders who play critical roles during a crisis. By integrating real-world attacker tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) into exercises, we can help organisations build muscle memory for responding to incidents in a way that’s both informed and effective. It’s not just creating realistic simulations, it’s highlighting how the results of an investigation can influence the executive team's decision making and how the decisions made by leadership can either help or hinder an active investigation. This is what led to my involvement in building out Immersive Cyber Drills. But what are drills, I hear you ask? Here’s what our marketing team say: “Immersive Cyber Drill events enable simultaneous drilling of executive and technical leadership teams. These facilitated drills use multiple tools from our platform to evaluate an organisation's capacity to detect, respond to, and recover from cyberattacks through a mix of technical and non-technical drilling.” Ultimately, the goal is to empower organisations to respond confidently to the threats they face. Cyber resilience isn’t just about having the right tools or technologies – it’s about understanding the attacker’s mindset, anticipating their moves, and being prepared to act swiftly and decisively when an incident occurs. Building a foundation for Cyber Drills Instead of creating theoretical scenarios or low-risk simulations, we began building exercises that mirrored the attacks I’d seen work in my previous life. The aim was simple: make the drills feel as close to a real attack as possible while keeping the barrier to entry low enough that they’re still achievable to people just starting out. One of the biggest breakthroughs came when we built a standard environment that mimicked much of the corporate world's infrastructure. We then implemented these real-world attacks over the top of those environments and dropped the users in the middle of the attack. This transformed the experience from a disconnected series of technical challenges into a real narrative. Participants were now uncovering the motives behind attacks, following the trail of TTPs left by the attackers, and trying to predict where they went next. Very rarely do security teams get to investigate in a nice, peaceful manner – there are always questions coming from other areas of the business. Leaders aren't just responsible for understanding the attack, they also need to communicate with stakeholders, manage the internal teams, and make high-pressure decisions. As the Cyber Range Exercises (formerly Team Sims) became more realistic, it was clear that the Crisis Simulations used for the leadership team should follow suit. So we built Crisis Sims around the same attack narrative, putting participants in a situation where leadership had to make decisions that they didn’t know the answers to. If they did want to find out, they would need to ask the teams performing the investigation. This forced both teams to think strategically, communicate effectively, and most importantly, anticipate the other team's perspective and restrictions. We also introduced real-world elements like media scrutiny, conflicting priorities, and escalating pressures to mimic the experience of an actual cyber breach. The results were immediate. The teams were forced to think on their feet and develop genuine muscle memory in ways that couldn’t have been achieved through traditional tabletop exercises. And most importantly – they needed to talk to each other. This fusion of leadership training, technical training, and realism has resulted in teams leaving the drill with a stronger understanding of how to work cohesively as a team and how well they communicate across departments. It also provides a better understanding of the types of nuance that can crop up during a cyber breach. Share your thoughts For the analysts reading this article, what’s the hardest part of performing an investigation in your current organisation? For the executives, what’s one thing you wished all analysts knew about your role? And to everyone, during an investigation, what was your biggest panic moment that could have been easily avoided? Join me in this discussion by sharing your thoughts in the comments.Is Your Team Really Ready for a Cyberattack? (Prove It, Don't Hope It)
Cyberattacks are increasingly frequent and sophisticated. According to the Identity Theft Resource Center (ITRC)’s 2024 Data Breach Report, they remain the primary root cause of data breaches, with Financial Services replacing Healthcare as the most targeted industry. The message is clear: no organization is safe. The recent breach at Change Healthcare/UnitedHealth Group, which exposed the health data of around a third of Americans, shows that the scope of modern cyberattacks extends beyond individual organizations. This isn't just a data breach; it's proof that a single vulnerability can disrupt healthcare operations, impact patient care, and erode public trust. Building a cyber-ready workforce isn’t optional – it’s essential. This isn't about hoping you're prepared; it's about proving it. What "cyber-ready" means in practice A cyber-ready workforce goes beyond having an IT security team. It means everyone, from the front lines to the C-suite, understands their role in preventing and responding to cyber threats. First-line responders (IT security, SOC analysts): These are your digital defenders, constantly monitoring threats. But they're not just monitoring alerts; they're dissecting the attack, isolating the threat, and preserving digital evidence like detectives on a case. They react instantly to alerts, following incident response procedures to identify and contain attacks, aiming for rapid isolation to limit damage. Mid-level managers (team leads, department heads): These are your field commanders during a crisis. They're not just relaying information; they're making tough calls under pressure, coordinating teams, and ensuring everyone stays focused on the mission. They escalate issues to senior leadership and keep all stakeholders informed. Senior leadership (C-Suite, board members): These leaders understand that cybersecurity is a core business risk, not just an IT problem. They champion a security-first culture, prioritize cybersecurity investments, and understand a breach's potential financial, legal, and reputational fallout. The cost of being unprepared: a ripple effect of damage Think about the impact of a successful cyberattack on your customers, your employees, and your reputation. It's not just numbers on a spreadsheet; it's real-world consequences. Imagine the chaos: systems down, customer data compromised, the phone ringing off the hook with angry clients. The financial costs are staggering, with IBM’s Cost of a Data Breach report stating the average data breach now costs $4.45 million, and that number increases yearly. Then comes the reputational damage: lost customer trust, negative press, and long-term brand erosion. Operations stall, workflows are disrupted, and productivity plummets. Legal fees, regulatory fines, and the potential for crippling fines for non-compliance with laws like GDPR, HIPAA, and DORA add further strain. It's a domino effect that could threaten your organization’s survival. Building effective response through cyber drills and resilience programs Cyber drills are the cornerstone of a robust cyber resilience program. They’re practical, hands-on simulations that allow your team to practice responding to real-world threats in a safe space before a real crisis hits. To maximize their effectiveness, cyber drills should be: Realistic: Simulate real-world attacks, including ransomware attacks, data breaches, supply chain disruptions, and social engineering attempts. Incorporate threat actors' latest tactics and techniques to prepare your team for anything. Comprehensive: Involve all relevant teams, from technical responders to senior leadership, with clear roles and responsibilities. Drills should assess technical skills, communication, coordination, and decision-making under pressure. Regular: Conducted frequently to keep skills sharp and procedures up-to-date. A continuous drilling program is ideal. Analyzed: Every drill is a learning opportunity. Conduct thorough post-incident reviews to identify areas for improvement, document lessons learned, and update incident response plans. Building a fortress: your comprehensive resilience program True resilience goes beyond drills. It's about creating a multi-layered defense. Imagine building a fortress around your organization. Cyber drills are the practice battles, but a comprehensive resilience program is the complete defense system. You start with an early warning system: your threat intelligence feeds, providing insights into the latest attack methods. Next, you educate everyone, creating a human firewall through continuous security awareness training and micro-exercises (like simulated phishing emails). You then fortify your defenses by proactively scanning for and patching vulnerabilities (vulnerability management). Finally, you develop a detailed battle plan: your incident response plan, a meticulously documented and regularly tested strategy for handling attacks. This comprehensive approach is key to long-term resilience. Resilience is practiced, refined, and ready for battle. Reducing burnout: the human element of cyber resilience Cybersecurity is a relentless, high-stakes 24/7 battle. The constant pressure to defend against evolving threats takes a toll – leading to burnout, decreased productivity, and a weaker security posture. Recognizing this human element is crucial. Building a resilient team requires proactive support. Invest in training, development, and exercising to keep skills sharp and confidence high. Promote work-life balance by encouraging breaks, vacations, and unplugging after hours. Proper rest is essential for sustained performance. Crucially, cultivate a supportive work environment. Create a space where team members feel comfortable asking for help, sharing concerns, and admitting vulnerabilities without judgment. Open communication and collaborative problem-solving are vital. Celebrate successes and acknowledge the hard work of your cybersecurity professionals. A valued, supported team is an engaged, resilient team – your best defense against evolving threats. Ready to empower your workforce and build a cyber-resilient organization? Waiting for a cyberattack to happen is a recipe for disaster. Proactive preparation is the only way to protect your organization. Building a cyber-ready workforce is an ongoing process, but it's an investment that will pay off in the long run. Share your thoughts What are your biggest challenges in building a truly cyber-ready workforce? Share your experiences and challenges in the comments below.
