Zeek Ep 4 Scripting
Question 10 "After editing the required file, try to execute the script stated in Question 9 again. How many scans of unique ports are made from the IP address 192.168.100.103?" I don't understand what is wrong with my syntax. cat conn.log | zeek-cut id.orig_h id.resp_p| sort -u | wc -l my thought process is that I'm grabbing the unique ports using sort -u from id.resp_p coming from id.orig_h. Then i do a count. I keep getting the wrong answer.Web Log Analysis: Ep.5 – Searching Web Server Logs using Linux CLI
Looking for some tips to help me get past step 1 (!) of this lab. I have tried to cs into Log-Files/ but nothing is returned, and the same for a cat command. I don't have experience with Linux but want to attempt this lab - maybe even some lab recommendations on how to get to a sufficient level with Linux would help? Thanks!!Human Connection Challenge: Season 1 – Scanning Walkthrough Guide (Official Version)
Time’s Up! Congratulations to everyone who completed Lab 2: Scanning from the Human Connection Challenge: Season 1. In this walkthrough, I'll share some strategies for efficiently completing the lab, based on my perspective as the author. Remember, there are often multiple ways to approach a challenge, so if you used a different method and succeeded, that's perfectly fine! The goal is to learn, and I hope these notes help clarify any steps and reinforce key concepts for the next challenge. This challenge has now ended, but the lab remains available for practice. While prizes are no longer up for grabs, you can still complete the lab and use this walkthrough guide for support if needed. I’ve also used placeholders in some of the commands that would give away an answer directly, so if you see anything enclosed in angle brackets, such as <name server>, please make sure you replace it with the actual value, such as nameserver. With all that considered, let's get started. Overview Task: Identify the name server records of tinytown.bitnet. 1. What is the IP of the first name server for tinytown.bitnet? You’ll first need to open a Terminal on the Kali desktop. Next, you’ll need to query the DNS Server IP (found in the Machines panel) about the tinytown.bitnet domain using the nslookup (Name Server Lookup) tool. You’re specifically looking for NS (Name Server) records, so you can use the -type=ns parameter with nslookup to specify this: nslookup -type=ns tinytown.bitnet [DNS Server IP] The output of this command will return two name servers for the domain labelled with 1 and 2. Your next step is to identify what IP address is associated with the first name server (1). To do this, you can use nslookup along with the name server, domain, and DNS Server IP: nslookup <name server>1.tinytown.bitnet [DNS Server IP] This command will then return an IP address for the name server. 2. What is the IP of the second name server for tinytown.bitnet? As you’ve already identified both name servers, you’ll just need to run the previous command, except with the second (2) name server: nslookup <name server>2.tinytown.bitnet [DNS Server IP] You’ll then find the IP address associated with it. Task: Identify port service information for Target 1. 3. What service version is running on port 53? A network scanning tool like Nmap can help you identify the service version running on a specific port. To do this with Nmap, you can use the -sV option for service detection: nmap -sV [Target 1 IP Address] The output will show what service version is running on port 53. 4. What is the full service banner of port 22? There are a couple of ways to find the full service banner of port 22 – such as with Nmap or Netcat. If you’re using Nmap, you can modify the previous command to include the “banner” script along with the port number: nmap -sV -script=banner [Target 1 IP Address] -p22 The command line will then display the service banner from port 22. You can alternatively use netcat to manually connect to the SSH server. When a client connects, Netcat may present a banner that contains version information. To use Netcat, you’ll need the nc command along with the Target 1 IP address and specify you want to connect to port 22: nc [Target 1 IP Address] 22 When you run this command, the banner appears before the terminal hangs. Task: Identify a token on one of the ports. 5. What is the token? With the previous Nmap command, you initially found that three ports were open on Target 1. However, you’ll need to do a more thorough network scan to find another open port, one not initially found with the previous scans. To do this, you can expand your port scan to cover a much wider range by using Netcat to scan for open ports from 1 through 9000: nc -zvn <Target 1 IP Address> 1-9000 Here, -z will scan for listening services but won’t send any data, -v is verbose mode, which provides more detailed information, and -n tells Netcat not to resolve hostnames via DNS. This command will reveal a fourth open port. Now, you can use Netcat to connect to this port: nc <Target 1 IP Address> <open port> The token will then be displayed in the terminal. Task: Scan the TLS configuration on Target 2. 6. How many protocols are enabled? To scan for SSL/TLS configurations, you can use the sslscan tool. By default, sslscan scans port 443 and will return supported server ciphers, certificate details, and more. You can use sslscan like this: sslscan <Target 2 IP Address> The returned output will be verbose, but you can find and count the number of enabled protocols under the SSL/TLS Protocols subheading. 7. Name an enabled protocol. Using the previous output, name one of the enabled protocols. 8. What exploit are the protocols NOT vulnerable to? Using the same output, scroll down through the results until you find a subheading that’s named after a vulnerability and contains a similar string to: <Protocol> not vulnerable to <vulnerability name> The vulnerability has the same name as the subheading. Task: Identify and extract information from an SMB share on Target 3. 9. What Disk shared directory can you access? To extract information from an SMB (Server Message Block) share, you can use the smbclient tool. First, you’ll need to list the SMB shares on the target using the -L flag (the list/lookup option) with: smbclient -L //<Target 3 IP> You’ll then be prompted for a password, but you can press Enter to skip this. A list of SMB shares will then be displayed, three of which are shown to be a Disk type, so you know the answer will be one of these. You can now begin to go through the list and try to connect to the shares with: smbclient //<Target 3 IP>/<Sharename> However, this time when you’re prompted for a password and you press Enter, you might encounter a message when you try and connect to a share: NT_STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED If you attempt to connect to all shares, you’ll find you can connect to one share without a password. You’ll then be greeted with the following prompt to show the successful connection: smb: \> 10. What is the token stored in the directory? Now that you’re connected, you can execute commands to interact with the SMB share. If you run ls, you’ll find a token.txt file in the current directory. You can then download the file from the share onto your local machine with: get token.txt On the Kali desktop, open the Home folder and the token.txt will be inside. Open this file and find the token. 11. What is the username stored in the directory? After you’ve run ls in the SMB share, you’ll find not only token.txt, but also a file named creds.txt. Use the same command as you just did previously to download the file onto your machine: get creds.txt This file will also be downloaded to the Home folder, where you can find a username and password. Task: Identify open services on Target 3. Task: Connect to Target 3 with the previously found credentials. 12. What is the token stored in the user's /Documents directory? For this final task, you first need to scan the target using Nmap. You’ll find that if you attempt to scan the target without using the -Pn flag, you’ll get a response saying that the host seems down. However, if you run Nmap with -Pn, you’ll find some ports are open: nmap -Pn <Target 3 IP Address> However, the ports returned from this command don’t offer a way to connect to the target. You’ll also need to scan the 6000 most popular ports: nmap -Pn --top-ports 6000 <Target 3 IP Address> These results will now show two additional ports are open regarding the Web Services Management (Wsman) protocol, which is used to communicate with remote machines and execute commands. One of the tools that implement this protocol is Windows Remote Management (WinRM) which is Microsoft’s implementation of Wsman. Knowing this, you can now use Metasploit to interact with the target. In your terminal, run: msfconsole Once loaded, you can use the the following auxiliary module to connect to a system with WinRm enabled and execute a command with: set cmd ls You’ll then need to set the following options, using the credentials you found in the creds.txt file: set username <username> set password <password> set rhosts <Target 3 IP Address> Next, you need to set the cmd option with the command you want to run. If you use the ls command, you’ll be able to find what out files are in the directory you connect to: set cmd ls With all the options set, you can now run the module: run The results of the executed command will be printed on the screen and also saved to a directory, but both show the existence of a token.txt file in the current directory. You can now set the cmd option to type token.txt in Metasploit: set cmd type token.txt Once set, use the run command to send the updated command: run The contents of token.txt will then be displayed on the screen and outputted to a file. Tools For this challenge, you’ll use a range of tools including: Nslookup Nmap Netcat Sslscan Smbclient Metasploit Tips You can use different tools and parameters within those tools to scan for and find information, so don’t be afraid to try out a few different things! If you want to learn more about some of the tools within this lab, take a look at the following collections: Reconnaissance Nmap Infrastructure Hacking Introduction to Metasploit Post Exploitation with Metasploit Conclusion The steps I’ve laid out here aren’t the only way to find the answers to the questions, as long as you find the answer, you did it – well done! If you found another way to find some of these answers and think there’s a better way to do it, please post them in the comments below! I hope you enjoyed the challenge and I’ll see you for the next one.Experience-Driven and Intrinsic Learning in Cybersecurity
Experience-driven learning Experience-driven learning can take many forms, including: Practical simulations Role-playing exercises Individual hands-on learning Team-based exercising For example, some employees may be presented with micro exercises that pivot around key risk areas such as device security, data handling or social engineering. Others may participate in a tabletop exercise that simulates a ransomware attack, allowing them to practice incident response, crisis management, and recovery procedures in a safe and engaging environment. More technical teams can experience a real attack on real infrastructure in a cyber range, working together to identify and understand the attack using defensive and forensic tools. These types of activities foster intrinsic learning, driven by personal interest and the desire for self-improvement rather than external rewards like grades or promotions. These types of activities also engage natural human behaviours related to gamified learning, both individually and as a team. Intrinsic learning Intrinsic learning can be particularly valuable, especially in the context of cybersecurity, because it allows employees to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of the subject matter beyond what is required for their job. This approach to learning is not only more engaging and effective but also helps organizations identify areas for improvement and potential vulnerabilities. Intrinsic learning can also help foster a culture of continuous learning within the workforce. By encouraging employees to pursue their interests and explore new areas of cybersecurity, organizations can create an environment where individuals feel empowered to take ownership of their learning and seek out new opportunities for growth and development. To make your cybersecurity training more experiential and foster intrinsic motivation for learning, consider the following steps: Align with personal goals Empower team members to align upskilling pathways with their career aspirations and professional development. Emphasize real-world relevance Showcase how the skills learned directly apply to current cybersecurity challenges and job responsibilities. Provide autonomy Allow learners to freely explore different topics and skills. Create a supportive environment Encourage peer-to-peer learning and mentorship opportunities to build a culture of continuous improvement. Celebrate progress Recognize and highlight individual and team achievements to boost confidence and motivation. Implement adaptive challenges Gradually increase difficulty levels, ensuring learners are consistently challenged but not overwhelmed - the right level of learning is more important than the quantity. Encourage reflection Prompt learners to analyse their performance after each exercise, especially team-based, fostering a growth mindset and self-awareness. Facilitate knowledge sharing Organize regular debriefing sessions where individuals can discuss their experiences and insights gained from the training. Connect to organizational impact Demonstrate how improved cybersecurity skills contribute to the overall success and resilience of the organization. Provide immediate feedback Leverage Immersive Labs' real-time feedback mechanisms to help individuals understand their progress and areas for improvement. By implementing these steps, you can create a more engaging and intrinsically motivating cybersecurity training experience, fostering a culture of continuous learning and skill development within your organization. Conclusion Incorporating intrinsic and experience-driven exercises into your cyber resilience strategy can be an effective way of measuring and improving your overall resilience. Today, the need to exercise effectively has become a key feature of many cyber security frameworks and directives such as ISO27001, NIS2 and DORA, requiring organisations to maintain proof with policies and procedures underpinned by data and results. What have you experienced in your own upskilling journeys to get you where you are today, have you found some ways work better than others; Individual, team, hands-on, theory, classroom? What are your favourite ways to learn and stay motivated with the ever-changing cyber landscape right now? Share your stories and insights in the comments below!
